Control of cardiac myosin heavy chain gene expression. Thyroid development and disorders of thyroid function in the newborn. New insights into the role of thyroid hormone in cardiac remodeling: time to reconsider? Heart Fail. CITED4 induces physiologic hypertrophy and promotes functional recovery after ischemic injury. C/EBPbeta controls exercise-induced cardiac growth and protects against pathological cardiac remodeling. The MEK1-ERK1/2 signaling pathway promotes compensated cardiac hypertrophy in transgenic mice. A conserved role for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase but not Akt signaling in mitochondrial adaptations that accompany physiological cardiac hypertrophy. The FOXO3a transcription factor regulates cardiac myocyte size downstream of AKT signaling. Akt1 is required for physiological cardiac growth. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase p110alpha is a master regulator of exercise-induced cardioprotection and PI3K gene therapy rescues cardiac dysfunction. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase(p110alpha) plays a critical role for the induction of physiological, but not pathological, cardiac hypertrophy. New insights into IGF-1 signaling in the heart. The insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor induces physiological heart growth via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase(p110alpha) pathway. Insulin-like growth factor I receptor signaling is required for exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Insulin receptor substrates are essential for the bioenergetic and hypertrophic response of the heart to exercise training. Relationships of insulin-like growth factor-1, its binding proteins, and cardiometabolic risk in hypertensive perimenopausal women. Olszanecka, A., Dragan, A., Kawecka-Jaszcz, K., Fedak, D. Increased cardiac sympathetic activity and insulin-like growth factor-I formation are associated with physiological hypertrophy in athletes. Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Impact of diabetes on cardiac structure and function: the strong heart study. The impact of obesity on the left ventricle: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Nuclear targeting of Akt antagonizes aspects of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Protective effects of exercise and phosphoinositide 3-kinase(p110alpha) signaling in dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Cardiac Adaptation to Exercise. Intermittent pressure overload triggers hypertrophy-independent cardiac dysfunction and vascular rarefaction. Physiological and pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Pathophysiology of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure: signaling pathways and novel therapeutic targets. Molecular distinction between physiological and pathological cardiac hypertrophy: experimental findings and therapeutic strategies. Signaling effectors underlying pathologic growth and remodeling of the heart. Molecular basis of physiological heart growth: fundamental concepts and new players. Coronary microvascular rarefaction and myocardial fibrosis in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Epidemiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Inhibition of hypertrophy is a good therapeutic strategy in ventricular pressure overload. In this Review, we summarize the underlying molecular mechanisms of physiological and pathological hypertrophy, with a particular emphasis on the role of metabolic remodelling in both forms of cardiac hypertrophy, and we discuss how the current knowledge on cardiac hypertrophy can be applied to develop novel therapeutic strategies to prevent or reverse pathological hypertrophy.Ä«raunwald, E. In the past decade, a growing number of studies have suggested that previously unrecognized mechanisms, including cellular metabolism, proliferation, non-coding RNAs, immune responses, translational regulation, and epigenetic modifications, positively or negatively regulate cardiac hypertrophy. Each form of hypertrophy is regulated by distinct cellular signalling pathways. Hypertrophy initially develops as an adaptive response to physiological and pathological stimuli, but pathological hypertrophy generally progresses to heart failure. There are two types of hypertrophy: physiological and pathological. Therefore, in the adult heart, instead of an increase in cardiomyocyte number, individual cardiomyocytes increase in size, and the heart develops hypertrophy to reduce ventricular wall stress and maintain function and efficiency in response to an increased workload. Cardiomyocytes exit the cell cycle and become terminally differentiated soon after birth.
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